INTRODUCTION:

Madhucalongifolia is a generic Indian tropical tree found generally in the northern Indian territories. Madhuca longifolia is also known as Mahua or butternut tree. There are different biological names ofMadhuca longifolia is BassialatifoliaRoxb, Madhuca latifolia (Roxb.) J. F. Macbr, Bassia longifolia L., Bassia latifolia Roxb, Illipe latifolia (Roxb.) F. Muell., Madhuca indica J. F. Gmel. Are both species belong to Sapotaceae family¹.

The usual name of Madhucalongifolia in various languages in various region includes the following: Marathi: Moha, Mhowra, Hindi: Mohva, Sanskrit: Madhukah, Urdu Mahuva, Gujarati Mahudo, Malayalam: Iruppapu, Illuppa, Kannada: Erappe,

Telugu: Ippa, Bengali: Mahula, Oriya: Mohuka. Madhucalongifolia mostly found in Nepal, Sri Lanka, India. In India it’s found in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh (M.P.), Gujarat, Odisha, Jharkhand ². There are different Species of Madhuca longifolia belongs to Sapotaceae family. This genus has various species.

1. Madhuca alpinia 2. Madhuca aristulata

3. Madhuca aspera 4. Madhuca barbata

5. Madhuca bejaudii 6. Madhuca betis

7. Madhuca burckiana 8. Madhuca calcicola

9. Madhuca cheogiana 10. Madhuca clavata

11. Madhuca thorelii 12. Madhuca tomentosa

13. Madhuca tubulosa 14. Madhuca utilis

15. Madhuca vulcania 16. Madhuca vulpina

17. Madhuca woodii³.

Morphology of Madhuca longifolia:

It is a rapidly growing tree that grows to around 20 meters in height, possesses evergreen or semi-evergreen. Flowers are tiny, cream-colored numerous, near the ends of branches. Fruit, a green egg-shaped fleshy berry. Seeds are either twofold arched or straightened on a couple of sides. Leaves are clustered at the end of branches, oval-shaped ^3-⁴.

Figure 1:- Madhuca longifoila tree

The Mahua trees have a large spreading root system, though many of them are superficial. Wood is difficult to extremely hard with enormous sapwood. Hardwood is reddish-brown in colour ⁵.

Madhuca longifolia flowers extract are used in food industries for making food products like biscuits jams, and jellies. Cause it contains reach in nutritional components like amino acids, organic acids, vitamins, sugars, enzymes, and other compounds ⁶.

Different parts of Madhuca longifolia has shown different types of action like Anxiolytic, Anticancer, Analgesic, Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective, Anticonvulsant, Immunosuppression, Anthelmintic, Cytotoxic, Antimicrobial, Antihyperglycemic, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, wound healing, Neuropharmacological activity⁷.

Phytochemical/ Phytoconstituent of Madhuca longifolia:

The medicinal value of the plant depends on the active constituent which is present inside the plant. The phytochemical constituent is commonly divided into two parts primary and secondary it is a base on function that happens in plant metabolism^. Amino acid, sugars, proteins, vitamins, chlorophyll, etc. come under primary constituents. While the Alkaloids, Saponnis, Terpenoids, Phenolic compounds, Tannins, Coumorins, Quinones, Flavonoids, etc. come under the secondary constituents. The secondary metabolites are more vital substances responsible for the main medicinal properties in crude drugs ⁵. The M. longifolia flowers contain vitamin A and C. The fruits of M. longifolia plant contain α and β amyrin acetates. Linoleic, oleic, palmitic and stearic acid, glycine, cysteine, leucine, isoleucine, aspartic acid, serine, threonine, myricetin, quercetin, etc. are found in the seed of M. longifolia⁸.

Table 1: Phytochemical constituent present in different parts of Madhuca longifolia Plant: -

Phytochemical Constituents	Parts Of Plant
Flavonoids, Triterpene, Sterol.	Bark
Soluble resin, insoluble resin	Latex
Moisture, Silica, Phosphoric acid, Minerals, Protobasic acid, Alkaloids, Flavonoids.	Leaves
Folic acid, carotene, Ascorbic acid, Niocine, Riboflavine, Thiamine, Biotine, Inositale.	Flowers
Fat carbohydrate, Calcium, Ascorbic acid, Tannins, Moisture, Proteins, Minerals.	Ripe Seed
Quercetin and dihydro quercetin, β- stosterol and 3β- D-Glucoside, α and β amyrin acetates.	Fruits

Figure 2: Structure of major compounds found in Madhuca longifolia

Extraction process:

The flowers were washed with distilled water. And direct under the shake by natural drying process then the dried flower grind to make a coarse powder and its passes through 40 mesh sieve and, by using soxhlet apparatus extracted with 90% ethanol at 60(degree Celsius). The concentrated extract was clone under reduce pressure by using rotary evaporation⁹.

Phytochemical Analysis:

For the qualitative phytochemical test, the extract was analyzed all the tests were done by the standard procedure represent in literature by kokate to escalate the secondary constituent of phytochemical. (Alkaloids, Tannis, Proteins, Oils, Fats,)¹⁰.

Anxiolytic qualities:

Hydroalcoholic extract of M. longifolia leaves was used to study the anxiolytic activity by the closed field test which shown that after administration of hydroalcoholic extract of M. longifolia leaves (100 mg/kg) or diazepam (1mg/kg) standard, there were significant decreases in the number of rearing, assisted rearing and number of squares traveled compared to the control group and conducted that the leaves of M. longifolia produced significant anxiolytic activity in rat using elevated plus maze test due to presence of flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, sapogenins¹⁵.

Anthelmintic qualities:

The Anthelmintic activity of Madhuca longifolia was evaluated by the alcoholic extract of the flower and bark of Madhuca longifolia plant has been proved by two or three researchers. They are using metronidazole as the standard drug with alcoholic extract of Madhuca longifolia and compared their anthelmintic activity by in vivo method. It was considered that the presence of tannins maybe shows anthelmintic activity¹⁶.

Cytotoxic qualities:

Cancer disease is the uncontrolled development of unusual cells anyplace in a body. There are various types of cancer in the present day. In treatment, there are many therapies and home remedies for cancer, but they have several toxic and side effects too. The flower of Madhuca longifolia was found to have a cytotoxic activity as an anticancer agent. For tests, the numerous researchers were gathered new blossoms of Madhuca longifolia and separated by chilly extraction technique by constant shaking. And after a day the extract was filtered and the residue of the sample was re-extracted by the same procedure using methanol as a solvent for a week in an orbital shaker. The Rat liver cell was used for the cytotoxic study. The assumption of the results of the positive outcomes of Madhuca longifolia flower as a cytotoxic and its safe as an herbal anticancer agent⁶.

Anticonvulsant qualities:

Madhuca longifolia has also been shown an anticonvulsant effect. It is observed that fruit seeds of Madhuca longifolia (200mg\kg) possess anticonvulsant activity. And also decreases in the seizure duration suggest that Madhuca longifolia fruit seed shown the active constituent entity having anticonvulsant Madhuca longifolia fruit seeds extract was proved to protect against seizure and shown anticonvulsant activity¹⁶.

Immuno-suppression qualities:

An immunosuppressive drug has been adopted to control unwanted immune responses, particularly those giving autoimmune disease and transplant rejection. The immunosuppressant activity of M. longifolia was also explored. Its obtained from methanolic extract of Madhuca longifolia bark. The dried powdered bark (400g) extracted successfully petroleum ether, methanol, and soxhlet extractor for 3 days. the extract was dried under a controlled temperature (40-50 0C) the methanolic extract yield reddish-brown residue. And hence proved that Madhuca longifolia shows immune suppression activity¹⁴.

Anti-bacterial qualities:

In many regions of India were applied the leaves and bark juice to treat their wound, they crush the fresh and young leaves and apply this juice on their wounds. The methanolic extract of flowers, leaves, stem, and stem bark of Madhuca longifolia have been reported to have antibacterial properties against bacillus anthracis, B. pcemilus, B. subtilis, salmonella paratyph and vibriochlorae. Stem bark extract of M. longifolia has better antibacterial properties than leaves. The acetone, aqueous and ethanolic extract of stem and leaves M. longifolia observed the antibacterial activity¹⁵.

Anti-hyperglycemic qualities:

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that is a most growing problem and increasing rapidly worldwide according to the Dahakeetal and seshgirietal observed the efficacy of a methanolic extract of madhuca bark on hyperglycemia^16,17. The rough methanolic concentrate of Madhuca indica leaves exhibited portion subordinate decreases in serum glucose level after organization in glucose-stacked mice. Of the four dosages of the concentrate tried, specifically 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg remove for each kg body weight, the abatements in serum glucose levels were discovered to be fundamentally decreased at portions of 100, 250, and 500 mg extricate per kg body weight. Generally speaking, the end from the two trials was that the leaf concentrate of Madhucaindica and stem concentrate of Paederiafoetida had solid antihyperglycemic impacts in glucose-stacked mice and in this way can be considered for additional examinations towards a separation of antidiabetic compounds¹⁸.

Anti-ulcer qualities:

A peptic ulcer is a lesion in the lining (mucosa) of the digestive tract, typically in the stomach or duodenum caused by the digestive action of pepsin and stomach acid. According to the study of Kalaivani and Jegadeesan had shown that ethanolic extract of bark possesses significant Antiulcer action¹⁹. A study of Shrivastava A. had proven the ethanolic extract of M. longifolia flowers were investigated ulceration in the albino rats²⁰.

Anti-inflammatory qualities:

According to the study of Gaikwad KD, Ahmed ML, Khalid MS, Swamy P. that the inflammation is a result of the defensive mechanism of our immune system. When any foreign particle enters our body, the defensive mechanism starts working, and this initiates with the migration of WBC towards the injury site and phagocytic action takes place²⁰. Anti-inflammatory activity holds the inhibition of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis at the site of injury M. longifolia flowers have this anti-inflammatory activity which might be due to phytoconstituent present in it ^21,22.

Anti-pyrexia qualities:

The organization of methanolic concentrate of the leaf of Madhuca longifolia to the rodents showed an astounding decrease in pyrexia. It was seen that the concentrate has a fast beginning of activity and portion subordinate movement. The concentrate likewise showed station movement by progressively diminishing the internal heat level for a time of around three hours. The antipyretic capability of Madhuca longifolia has been essentially seen in swiss pale-skinned person rodents when directed in a portion of 250 mg/kg body weight. The helpful range of the plant shows a wide scope of movement henceforth; it's should have been more investigated for additional advantages ²³.

Anti-oxidant qualities:

The pharmacological studies demonstrate that the free radicals accompanied by the active nitrogen spices and reactive oxygen species are the essential cause in the initiative of cellular damage that gives pathological changes and many more diseases. The prominent antioxidant potential reveals by ethanolic extract of bark of mahua plant are given in the studies of Kulkarni GT etal. And Roy etal. The lipid peroxidation is also given by these extracts. Palanietal. Studies in vivo analysis of the antioxidant activity of mahua plant against oxidative stress ^24,25.

Analgesic qualities:

The peripheral and central mechanism shows the good analgesic activity of mahua plant. The analgesic activity of Madhuca longifolia plant was exhibited by the Chandra. Chandra it states that hot plate and tail flick method against the alcoholic extract of flowers of mahua plant have good analgesic activity. Madhuca longifolia side is isolated from the bark Mahua plant. When it's evaluated by hot plate method it gives good central analgesic activity ²⁶.

Hepato-protective qualities:

Effects against loss of functional ethics and cellular leakage of cell membrane in hepatocytes it's happen Hepato protective activity D-Galactosamine cause liver hepatitis by the earlier studies of ethanolic extract of Madhuca longifolia plant which shows the Hepatoprotective activitiy²⁷.

USES:

Utilization of Mahuaflowers:

Mahua blossoms are not widely being used up to their greatest potential. Simply a little amount of blossoms is utilized for utilization crude, cooked or seared in different pieces of the nation. There is absence of appropriate storage spaces in ancestral region. Subsequently, this endowment of nature is sold however ahead of schedule as could really be expected and an area may be kept to be utilized by ancestral. The vast majority of the Mahua blossoms are utilized for the refining of nearby types of alcohol. In this manner, there's a sheer need helpful expansion and include a shift inside the usage Mahua flowers ²⁷.

Traditional uses as food and feed:

Being a rich wellspring of sugars, proteins, nutrients and minerals, Mahua blossoms are eaten crude or when cooked²⁷. Cooked Mahua blossoms, bubbled Mahua blossoms, planning of customary alcohol, hotcake and Mahua laddoo are some conventional arrangements of Mahua blossoms in ancestral areas²⁸.Usage of Mahua blossoms through improving specialist in various nearby and customary arrangements, for example, meethipuri, halwa, kheer and burfi by the ancestral have been accounted for by different creators. Mahua blossoms went with rice, ragi, jowar or yam have been utilized for arrangement of cakes²⁹. Sundried blossoms are stewed with Tamarind and Sal seeds, which is taken as an option of grain staples by the poor ancestral³⁰. In any case, significant use of blossom is in making distillate alcohol²⁷. New blossoms alongside spent blossoms (created after aging cycles) likewise discover application as domesticated animals feed without influencing the yield and nature of milk. Spent blossoms are accounted for to further develop wellbeing and flood milk creation in dairy cattle ^31-33.

Value addition of flowers:

Different exploration considers have advanced the planning of sugar syrup from dry and new Mahua blossoms which can additionally be utilized as an improving specialist This sugar can be utilized further as syrup reasonable for making great quality jams, confections, jam, sauce, dessert shop products and as a substitute for earthy colored sugar^34-36. Candy, cake, prepared to serve (RTS), toffee, squash, laddoo bar are some worth added items created from dry Mahua blossoms (Dash, 2017). Candy-coated bloom, coated blossom and Mahua bar additionally have been arranged from dried Mahua blossoms³⁷. Mahua RTS refreshment in blend of ginger and fennel separates has been arranged and the capacity examines have been acceptable³⁶. A cell reinforcement rich, sugar free (no additional sugar) refreshment utilizing Mahua bloom juice condensed and amla juice has been created with high cancer prevention agent action³⁷. A fluid sugar created utilizing Mahua juice condensed have been utilized for readiness of treats, bread rolls and cake^38-41.

Uses of plant parts:

Flowers:

The discoveries propose the possible utilization of the ethanolic concentrate of Madhuca longifolia floweras a novel restoratively valuable for hepatoprotective specialist. The security offered by the concentrate may be because of the presence of flavonoids and alkaloids ^42-53. Different extracts of Madhuca longifolia (Mahua) flowers have been found possessing pharmacological activity. It is also termed as “Universal panacea in ayurvedic medicine” since all the parts of this tree is found to possess the pharmaco-therapeutic property. Mahua blossoms are utilized as cooling specialist, sexual enhancer, astringent and demulcent, galactogogue, pain relieving and diuretic. They are discovered to be useful in tonsilitis, bronchitis, helminthes, pharyngitis, impotency, irritation, dermatitis, skin sicknesses and eye infections^53-56. Flower extract is utilized for oleation for skin sicknesses. It additionally helps in boosting the amount of original liquids. Fresh juice obtained from the flower helps to arrest bleeding ⁵⁷.

Heath benefits of Madhuca longifolia seed:

Anti-inflammatory action:

Ramchandra et al. assessed the ethanol concentrate and saponin combination of seeds of Madhuca longifolia for calming action utilizing intense (carrageenan-incited aggravation), sub-intense (formaldehyde-initiated irritation), and constant (cotton pellet granuloma) models of irritation in rodents. Both the concentrates had a more viable reaction than the reference drug diclofenac sodium in the sub-intense irritation model. Results longifoliated a critical mitigating action by Madhuca longifolia saponins in cotton pellet granuloma^58-59.

Anti-hyperglycemic action: -

The ethanolic concentrate of seeds of Madhuca longifolia was compelling in lessening the plasma glucose level in ordinary pale skinned person rodents in a portion subordinate way, delivering hypoglycemic result by animating the arrival of insulin from the β-cells or potentially expanding the take-up of glucose from the plasma⁵⁸.

Antiulcer action: -

The rough alkaloid extricate and ethanolic concentrate of seeds of Madhuca longifolia were assessed for against ulcer movement. The outcome shows that ethanolic remove was altogether successful in securing pylorus ligation-initiated gastric ulcers. The ethanolic extricate at a portion level of 10 mg/kg showed a critical abatement in different constituents detached and described are n-hexacosanol, β-glucoside of β-sitosterol and free β-sitosterol. The nutshell contains β-glucoside of β-sitosterol, quercetin and hydroquercetin^58-59.

Anticancer action: -

Bhaumik et al. considered the in-vitro anticancer action of various concentrate of organic product seed of Madhuca longifolia against human malignancy cell line (HeLa) and utilized MTT examine to investigate the cell development restraint. Aftereffects of Tables 10-14 showed that the different concentrates of natural product seeds of Madhuca longifolia have a generally excellent to direct anticancer movement⁶⁰.

CONCLUSION:

In coming cutting edge the significance of plant also, Madhuca longifolia tree will be increment due to their viability, simple accessibility, minimal expense and nearly being without harmful impact. Plants are the significant efficient wellspring of various grounded drugs viewing wide possibilities and capability of Madhuca indica for different purposes; it is advantageous to develop this plant for enormous scope particularly on useless and no man's land. This will help in monetary full help of poor and landless families. By and large this plant Madhuca indica is known as it were for its alcohol making reason, however one need to approach to change the considering uninformed individuals. The Mahua tree is stowed away from the public eyes as its therapeutic perspective. Based on review of writing it reasoned that Mahua (Madhuca longifolia) is a profoundly nutritious tree with heaps of ethnomedical properties like antibacterial, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antihyperglycemic, pain relieving exercises and so on No. of examination performed on bloom, leafy foods of mahua to feature its therapeutic properties, yet, just hardly any exploratory examination performed for using it as a food or then again food fixing. In coming next generation, the importance of plant and mahua tree is going to be increase because of their effectiveness, easy availability, low cost and comparatively being devoid of toxic effect. Madhuca indica has found several of pharmacological activity, yet several other activities have to be finding out.

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Received on 27.07.2021 Modified on 26.11.2021

Asian J. Res. Pharm. Sci. 2022; 12(1):29-36.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5659.2022.00006

Constituents	Test
Alkaloids	Tannic acid test	Tannic acid test Alkaloids give buff colour precipitate with 10% Tannic acid solution. The extracts were tested for free sugars. The extract is hydrolyzed with mineral acid and then tested for the glycone and aglycone moieties
Proteins	Biuret test	An aqueous sample is treated with an equal volume of 1% strong base (sodium or potassium hydroxide) followed by a few drops of aqueous copper(II) sulfate. If the solution turns purple, it contains protein. 5–160 mg/ml can be determined. Peptides with the correct length of at least 3 amino acids are necessary for a significant, measurable colour shift with these reagents.
Flavonoids	Alkaline test	To the test solution add few drops of sodium hydroxide solution, formation of an intense yellow colour which turns to colourless by the addition of few drops of dilute acetic acid indicate the presence of flavonoids.
Carbohydrates	Molisch test	The test solution is combined with a small amount of Molisch's reagent (α-naphthol dissolved in ethanol) in a test tube. After mixing, a small amount of concentrated sulfuric acid is slowly added down the sides of the sloping test-tube, without mixing, to form a layer. A positive reaction is indicated by appearance of a purple red ring at the interface between the acid and test layers
Amino acid	Ninhydrin reagent test	The ninhydrin test is a chemical test which is used to check whether a given analyte contains amines or α-amino acids
Volatile oil	Sudan red ІІІ test	It is also known as Bevan's test. Two milliliters of the oil is mixed with 1 ml of amyl alcohol and 1 ml of 1% solution of sulfur in carbon disulfide for 10 min in a water bath. The formation of a red color indicates the presence of cotton seed oil.

Parameters	Values obtained (%w/w)
Total ash value	0.18%
Water soluble ash	0.08%
Crude fibre content	15.5%
Alcohol soluble extract	0.680%
Water soluble extract	0.664%

Test	Procedure	Inference
Alkaloids
Mayer test	To about 3 ml. of extract + few drops of Mayer’s reagent are added	Precipitate is formed which confirms presence of alkaloid.
Dragendroff test	To about 3 ml of extract + few drops of Dragendorff’s reagent are added.	Brownish precipitate confirms presence of alkaloid.
Wagners test	To about 3 ml of sample solution + few drops of Wagner’s reagent are added.	Brownish precipitate confirms presence of alkaloid.
Carbohydrate
Benedict test	1 ml of sample + 2 ml (10 drops) of Benedict’s reagent (CuSO4) + solution is then heated in a boiling water bath for 3-5 minutes.	if color changes to brick red,it means presence of carbohydrates.
Fehling test	To 1 mL of Fehling’s solution A (aqueous solution of CuSO4) + 1 mL of Fehling solution B (solution of potassium tartrate) + 2 mL of the sugar solution, mix well and boil.	Red precipitate of cuprous oxide shows presence of carbohydrates
Tollens test	Aqueous silver nitrate + aqueous sodium hydroxide Aqueous ammonia is added drop-wise until the precipitated silver oxide completely dissolves.	The formation of a dark grey precipitate or silver mirror on the bottom and sides of the test tube indicates a positive result which shows presence of sugars. The absence of such precipitate indicates a negative result, which means that the test sample doesn’t have reducing sugars.
Saponnins
Foam test	1ml solution of extract was diluted with distilled water to 20 ml and shaken in a graduated cylinder for 15 minutes	Development of stable foam suggests the presence of saponins
Proteins
Xanthoprotein test	1. 1ml test solution + 1ml distilled water in another test tube + 1ml of conc. HNO₃ in all test tubes and mix well +Cool the solution under tap water. 2. Now add 2ml of 40 % NaOH to all test tubes	Brown color development shows protein presence.
Biuret test	1. Take 1 ml of test solutions in dry test tubes and in another tube take 1 ml distilled water as control. 2. Add 1 ml of biuret reagent to all test tubes, mix well	Development of blue color confirm presence of protein
Flavanoids
Flavanoids test	1. Stock solution (1 mL) + few drop of dilute NaOH solution. 2. Intense yellow colour was appeared in the test tube.	Became colourless when on addition of a few drop of dilute acid that indicated the presence of flavonoids.
Tannins
Ferric chloride test	1. 1ml of the filtrate was diluted with distilled water + 2 drops of ferric chloride.	A transient greenish to black color indicates the presence of tannins.
Lead acetate test	1. 10 mg of extract was taken and 0.5 ml of 1% lead acetate solution was added.	Formation of precipitate indicates the presence of tannins and phenolic compounds.
Sterol
Salkowaski test	1.Chloroform solution of steroid is treated with concentrated sulphuric acid	Red colour formation shows presence of sterols